Early warning indicators
With regards to evaluation, emphasis should be placed on a before/after-comparison of levels of corruption. Due to the complex, multi-layered and institutionalized nature of corruption, changes in levels of corruption are often hard to associate with one single factor or anti-corruption measure. This makes it even more important to carefully select indicators and underlying data.
Performance indicators at different levels
| Level |
Example of indicator | Example of data source |
| Impact: performance against the most ambitious objective upon which separate institutions, policies and programmes are expected to have a material effect. | Percentage of people with access to safe drinking water. | Household survey of a national population. |
| Outcome: short- and medium- term results. |
Percentage of water samples taken at the point of water collection that comply with the national standard. | Data collected by the water laboratory of the ministry of health. |
| Output: quality and quantity of products or services produced. |
Volume of water produced (cubic meters). | Benchmarking data from utilities/ river basin organizations. |
| Input: amount of resources that are utilized, including financial and human. May also include legislation and policy instruments. |
Amount of financial resources made available. | Budget and expenditure reports. |