General corruption risk approaches applicable to the health sector Overview of actors
(2) Tools to identify, track and measure corruption risks and corruption (UNDP 2011a: 47).
| ANNEX 1. OVERVIEW OF KEY TOOLS TO IDENTIFY, TRACK AND MEASURE CORRUPTION RISKS AND CORRUPTION | ||
| Area | Issue | Tools to identify and track problems |
| General | Cross-cutting | Vulnerability to corruption assessments Value chain analysis Sectoral accountability assessment Analysis of governance in health care systems |
| Budget And Resource Management | Budget processes | Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability Focus groups and interviews with public officials, recipient institutions, and civil society |
| Payroll leakages | Public expenditure tracking surveys and reviews Household surveys Focus groups with public officials and health workers |
|
| In-kind leakages | Public expenditure tracking surveys Quantitative service delivery surveys Facility surveys Focus groups with public officials, recipient institutions, and health workers |
|
| Individual Providers | Job purchasing | Official administrative records combined with facility surveys Interviews with public officials and former officials Governance and anti-corruption country diagnostic surveys |
| Health worker absenteeism | Quantitative service delivery surveys Surprise visits Direct observation Facility records Focus groups on interviews with facility heads and patients |
|
| Informal Payments | Informal Payments | Household surveys (e.g., World Bank living standards measurement surveys and demographic and health surveys) Facility exit surveys and score cards Focus groups/interviews with providers/patients and health staff Governance and anti-corruption country diagnostic surveys (World Bank) |
| Corruption Perceptions & Experience | Perceptions of Corruption | Governance and anti-corruption country diagnostic surveys (World Bank) National level perception surveys by CSOs and others |
| Experience with corruption | AfroBarometer, LatinBarometer, EuroBarometer, national experience-based surveys Patient satisfaction surveys and report cards Focus group surveys/studies |
Source: Hussmann, K(2010). Adapted from Lewis, M., & Pettersson, G. (2009). ”Governance in health care delivery: raising performance”. World Bank Policy Research Working Papers 5074.UNDP 2011a: 47
Table. Overview of Key Tools to Identify, Track and Measure Corruption Risks and Corruption