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Public-Public |
Public-Private |
Public-consumers/Civil |
| Policy-making and Regulation |
Policy capture (competition and monopolies). |
Policy capture. |
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Regulatory capture (e.g. waivers to regulations and licensing). |
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| Planning and Budgeting |
Distortions in decision-making by politicians (affecting location + types of project investments). |
Bribery to influence allocation of resources. |
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Corruption in national and sector planning and budget management (misuse of funds, inter-ministerial bribery for fund allocation, collusion/bribery in selection and project approval). |
Bribery in sector budgeting management (influencing, distortions in funding allocation) (national and local). |
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Corruption in local budget management (fraud, falsification of accounts /documents, village level collusion). |
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| Donor financing |
Donor-Government collusion in negotiations to meet spending /funding targets. |
Donor and national private operator collusion (outside legal trade agreements). |
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Donor – Government collusion/ fraud wrt to progress and quality. |
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| Fiscal transfers |
Bribery,rentseeking and kickbacks to ensure fund transfers between MoF and sector ministries. |
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| Management and Program Design |
Corruption in personnel management – payments for preferred candidates (e.g. utility directorships) – payments for promotions, and transfers, salary perks). |
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Influence project decision-making. |
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Distortionary decision-making (collusion with leaders in selection + approval of plans/schemes). |
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Bribery for preferential treatment, elite capture). |
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Corruption in LG and departmental planning and budget management. |
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Distortionary decision-making (project level– site selection, equipment, construction). |
| Tendering and Procurement |
Administrative corruption (fraud, falsification of documents, silence payments). |
Bribery to influence contract /bid organization. |
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Inter-department / agency collusion over procurement and construction. |
Corruption in delegating management: Fraud to over/ underestimate assets; selection and type, award of concessions; decisions over duration, exclusivity, tariffs, subsidies. |
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Corruption in procurement: Inflated estimates for capital works, supply of chemicals, vehicles, equipment. |
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Falsification of documentation. |
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| Construction |
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Corruption in construction – bribery and fraud wrt – Not building to specification, concealing sub-standard work, materials – Failure to complete works– Underpayment of workers. |
Corruption in community based construction (with similar types of practices as for public-private interactions. |
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Fraud - in invoicing – Marked up pricing, over billing by suppliers. |
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| Operation and maintenance |
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Over billing by suppliers, theft/ diversion of inputs (chemicals). |
Administrative corruption for water (access to water – installing/ concealing illegal connections, avoiding disconnection, illicit supply using utility vehicles). |
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Avoiding compliance with regulations, specifications, health and safety rules. |
Administrative corruption for speed (or preferential treatment) – repairs/ new connections. |
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Falsification of accounts. |
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| Payment (for services) |
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Administrative corruption repayment / billing – fraudulent meter reading, avoidance or partial payment, over-charging. |
